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English Writing Guide

Here are a few idioms that are common in English.  An idiom is a phrase which is used for its traditional meaning, and not for its literal, dictionary meaning. 

 

definition common English phrases

Writing

Being a good English student is all about knowing how to communicate through writing.   Communication through writing takes on several forms, but in this section we will explore expression through the main essay formats, formal letter writing and the friendly letter format.

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The Argumentative Essay

The Argumentative Essay

In the argumentatvie essay you build your essay on a claim, also known as a thesis statement, which is backed by evidence. Through persuasion you prove why this claim is a good position.

The Narrative Essay

The Narrative Essay

The narrative is an engaging story about someone's experience, written from the story teller's personal experience. The storyteller engages the listener by using a lot of senosry details, and vivid description.

The Descriptive Essay

The Descriptive Essay

A descriptive essay is also a narrative of a person's personal experience. However, the purpose of this story is to "show", not "tell" the experience, using various descriptive words so as to paint a story for the reader.

The Compare and Contrast Essay

The Compare and Contrast Essay

This essay requires you to look at the similarities and differences or both, of a particular subject, and disscuss each point in a new paragraph.

Cause and Effect

Cause and Effect

The Cause and Effect essay is among the fact based writing. In this type of essay, you are required to discuss why things happen (cause) and what happens as a result (effect).

The Formal Letter

The Formal Letter

The formal letter is written to a prospective employer, inquiry to a company, college admissions letter, and letter of complaint.

The "How To" Essay

The "How To" Essay

The Process, or "How-To" essay, explains the process for something.

The Friendly Letter

The Friendly Letter

The friendly letter is a great way to communicate with friends and family.

Writer's Forget-Me-Not Notes

Writer's Forget-Me-Not Notes

Make these review slides a part of your study routine.

The Argumentative essay

This form of writing is among the factual based essay types.   The argumentative/persuasive essay, seeks to take a strong stand on an issue, then present evidence to support that stand to the reader.  The writer strongly expresses his/her opinion, using evidence from research, and personal knowledge.

   

         Essay Format:

  • Introduction:  State your purpose... tell us what we need to know about your stand.

  • Supporting Evidence paragraph #1:  Give topic sentence, explain it, introduce evidence 1, give reasons, explain reasons, conclude with persuasion.

  • Supporting Evidence paragraph #2:  Give topic sentence, explain it, introduce evidence 2, give reasons, explain reasons, conclude with persuasion.

  • Supporting Evidence paragraph #3:  Repeat as in #1 and #2.]

  • Counter arguements paragraph #4:  Anticipate the arguments of opposing side, insert these arguments and your objections to them, conclude paragraph by reasserting your stand.

  • Conclusion of paper paragraph #5:  Do not simply restate your stand, rather tell your reader why they should care; place emphasis on what you want to leave with your reader.

 

 

 

The Friendly Letter

The friendly letter is an informal form of communication used for writing a friend, a relative, an acquaintance.  The friendly letter is one of the expressive forms of writing, that brings families and friends closer together and enriches relationships.  There is a rival to the friendly letter that has almost made the traditional letter writing obsolete, and this is the electronic mail, better known as the e-mail.

 

The email holds many of the traditional structures of a traditional paper letter; however, getting the mail to the recipient takes a much shorter time.   In an instant the email can be received by the recipient, and read compared to the traditional letter, which will take days, sometimes weeks to arrive it's recipient.  Email writing still allows the writer to express his or herself, while sticking to standard sentence structures, and proper grammar and spelling, just like a traditional letter requires.

 

To add to the rivals of the traditional letter is IM, or Instant Messaging. Instant messaging is a form of writing via mobiles devices, also called texting.  While this form is a great way for exchanging quick ideas, it does not have the permanence that a formal letter or email produces, since there is no hard copy of the text messages, and does not follow standard writing rules for sentence structure, grammar and spelling.  Of the three main forms of communication, the traditional letter and email are superior to instant messaging, because they allow full expressions and follow standard writing practices.

 

Here is a friendly letter format:

 

Your Address:

  • This goes at the top right-hand corner but does not include your name:

L.P. # 30,

Picton Road,

Sangre Grande

 

The Date:

  • Place the date on the third line, below your address:

L.P. # 30

Picton Road

Sangre Grande

      

 

November 27th, 2012

 

The Greeting:

  • Also known as the salutation.  This is placed on the second line, left-hand corner.  A comma follows the greeting:

 

Dear Abigail,

Here are some more friendly greetings:

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Body:

  • Here you state your reasons for writing.  Unlike the formal letter, in an informal letter you can use slang, contractions such as isn't etc. But always keep your sentences straight to the point. Begin on the second line after the greeting:

Hello Abigail,

  How are things with you?   I haven’t had the time to buy the book  you told me about last month.  However, my friend Christen had a copy of the book and brought it to my house yesterday, and so I started reading it. 

Here are some more friendly ways to start:

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Closing:

  • At the end of the letter, you signal to the reader that you are about to close:

I wish I had gotten it sooner like you said, its really  an awesome book, wow!   Well, I look forward to the sleepover next month, but we’ll talk soon.    P.S. Don’t forget to bring your lip gloss Abb, I love that color!  

Here are some more friendly ways to close:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Complimentary Close:

  • The complimentary close signs off your letter in a friendly way.  Place this on the third line, below the body of the letter.  Capitalize only the first letter of the first word, then place a comma after it:

 

Your friend,

Tasha

Here are some more ways to close the friendly letter:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

Dear                    Hi

            Hello

How are you?

Thanks for your letter.

I'm writing to ask you a favour.

Sorry for not writing back in so long.

I must go now.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Bye for now, we'll talk soon.

With lots of love,

Your friend,

Best wishes,

Sincerely yours,

The Compare and Contrast essay

The Compare and Contrast essay follows the guidelines for the factually based essays, which begins with an introduction, a topic sentence for each new paragraph, and a conclusion.

 

The purpose of this type of essay is to discuss the similarities of a subject (compare) and the differences of a subject (contrast).  Most questions usually ask for one. Some questions may subtly ask you to both compare and contrast.  

  • A question that asks you to compare only, may ask the question in this way:      "How do you compare the successes of Kevin Durant to the successes of LeBron James of the 2014 NBA games?"  This question wants you to discuss how the successes of both players are similar to each other.

  • An essay that asks you to just contrast may ask the question in this way:  "Contrast the works of Percy Shelley and John Keats.  What are the major differences in their poetry?    This question asks you to discuss the major differences found in the poems of these two poets.                  

  •  Some questions will indirectly ask you to both compare and contrast, for example:  "How do the different poets studied so far define and describe oppression?"

 This question is asking you to discuss the different definitions  and descriptions between the two poets mentioned above, on the topic of oppression.  First you talk about their similarities, then you talk about their differences.

The Cause and Effect essay

To organize your ideas into a Cause and Effect essay, you find the "Cause" by asking the question, "why did this happen" then list the reasons.   The second part will ask for the "Effects" of the "why".  The effects will be the "what happened because of this."

 

For example:

Cause - The car stalled on the road because it ran out of gas

 

Effects - 1) Dad had to call road side                                  service.

                2) He was late for work.

                3) His meeting had to be cancelled                       and re-scheduled. 

Format for Cause and Effect Essay:

Introduction:

  • State your thesis statement- that is what is your purpose for writing this essay.

 

Paragraph #1:  Why this happened?

  • Give a general summary of the cause or causes, then list the specific causes, with more details.

 

Paragraph #2:  What happened because of this?

  • Give a general summary of effects, then list of specific effects, with more details.  Show their relationship to the cause or causes.

 

Paragraph #3:  Prove it...

  • The writer backs up his/her findings by reasoning through the short term and long term consequences of the effects.  He offers recommendations at this point.

 

Paragraph #4:  Closing- So what?

  • Give a summary of why this is important to 'thinking' individuals, and an appeal to the reader to show how this situation affects us.

The Narrative essay

A narrative is a story that is written or told in chronological order, with a plot and a climax.   The storyteller uses vivid sensory details in the form of descriptive words and literary techniques to create a visual for the reader or listener so he/she can experience the story.  A narrative can be fictional or non-fictional.  

 

     The Parts Of A Story:    

A story has five important parts:

 

The Characters:

The characters are the individuals the story is about.  There is one main character, known as the Protagonist.  All the major events have some importance to this main character. Then there is the Antagonist, the one who opposes the Protagonist, or main character.

 

The Setting:

The setting is the place and time that creates the scenery of the story.   

 

The Plot:

The plot is the experience the entire narrative is built around.  In short, its the description of an experience or event.  The plot  has a beginning, middle and end, with the right descriptions and suspense throughout the story so the reader follows the plot.

 

The Conflict:

Every story has a problem to slove- this problem is called the conflict of the story.   The climax of the story is the point when the confilict begins to intensify. The climax happens just before the resolution - when the conlfict is resolved at the end.

 

The Resolution:

The resolution is the end of the conflict.  The end of the conflict reveals the solution to the problem that ran through the course of the story.  This solution ends the action in the story.   The resolution must work into the whole creativity of the story and should solve all mysteries of the conflict.

Argumentative Essay
The Narrative essay

The Formal Letter

The formal letter is a formal form of communication used for writing to a prospective employer, an inquiry to a company, a university admissions letter, a letter of complaint.  

 

The formal letter will have the following structure:

Your Address:

  • This goes at the top, right-hand corner, but does not include your name:                      #26 Springway Drive,

D’Abadie,

Arima

The Recipient's Name and Address:

  • This is written below your address, on the third line, left-hand corner and including the recipient's name and name of department:

Mrs. Duke

Admissions Office

Oakwood University,

7000 Adventist Boulevard Northwest,

Huntsville,

AL 35896,

United States

 

The Date:

  • Place the date on the third line, below the recipient's address:

Mrs. Duke

Admissions Office

Oakwood University,

7000 Adventist Boulevard Northwest,

Huntsville,

AL 35896,

United States

 

 

27th November, 2015

 

The Greeting:

This is also known as the salutation. 

The salutation is placed on the left hand corner, second line after the date.  Place a comma after the salutaion:

Here are a few forms-

 

27th November, 2012

 

Dear Mrs. Duke,

Dear Mr. Johnson      

                     Dear Mrs. Pamphile

     Dear Sir                  Dear Madam

Dear Ms. Harvey           Dear Dr. Turk

                Dear Sir or Madam

The Subject LIne:

  • The subject or heading gives the recipient an idea of what the letter is about.  Place the subject on the third line after the greeting, and enbold or underline the subject:

Dear Mrs. Duke,

 

Application  for Vocal Performance & Pedagogy  Degree Study  Programme

 

The Body of the Letter:

  • This is where you politely state your reasons for writing.  Reasons should be kept to the point, and should be written in standard English only.  Be sure it is free of grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors:

I am a final year student at the Cold Spring High School, and I would like to pursue the Degree Study Programme in Vocal Performance & Pedagogy at Oakwood University, in the Fall semester... 

 

The Closing:

  • At the end of the letter, you signal to the reader that you are about to close. Here are a few closers:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In addition, I am an assistance choir director at my local church in Trinidad.   I have attached my GPA and grade score for last semester.   I look forward to being a student at Oakwood University, as I believe that I can bring great service to such a prestigious university.  Thank you for the opportunity.  I look forward to hearing from you.

 

The Complimentary Close:

  • The complimentary close ends your letter in a professional way.  The complimentary close goes on the third line, below the body.  Capitalize only the first letter of the first word, and punctuate with a comma.  On the third line, type your name all in capital letters, print it, then sign between the complimentary close and typed name. Below are a few ways to close in the complimentary closure:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Yours sincerely,

 

 

 

(sign your name here)

---------------------------------

ELIJAH DUKE

 

 

 

 

 

 

I look forward to your soon reply.     

Thank you for your kind assistance.

 

Thank you for the opportunity.

 

I look forward to this opprtunity.

Your's sincerely     

 

Best regards

 

Your's faithfully

 

Respectfully yours

The Descriptive essay

A descriptive essay illustrates by 'showing', not 'telling' a story. The writer does this by using the most vivid forms of description.  

When a story is painted with descriptive words, the reader can see, smell, touch, hear and taste the words.  

 

The descriptive essay follows the regular essay format of a narrative, which would have a beginning, middle and end.  A descriptive essay will also have a purpose, along with characters, setting, plot, a conflict, and a resolution.  

 

Look at the title of the short story below:

 "The Hunter"

Now I will "show you" the story, by painting for you a picture using descriptive words:

          The rain had ended and the rainforest was moist and cool. The leaves were rustling in the breeze as the trees swayed back and forth. The remnants of the rain dripped from the leaves to the ground. The pitter-patter sound they made echoed through the forest. It was like a drumbeat. The sounds of the rainforest were harmonious, like a sweet symphony. Its colors were bright, like those from an artist’s canvas; but, even an exceptional artist would find it difficult to recreate such beauty. It was truly a masterpiece, a heavenly place bustling with activity

 

 

The 'How To' Process essay

The Process essay, also known as the "How-To" essay, describes how something is done by explaining the series of actions that should be performed.   The essay is written in chronological order, following the pattern of first, next, then, last.

 

Format for Process Essay:

How To Self-Publish Your Book Online

 

Introduction:

  • Give a general statement about self-publishing and the number of steps involved.

 

Body:

Step #1

  • Topic sentence explaining what step 1 will be about.  Then explain the process e.g. find a topic, write about it, edit the book.

 

Step #2

  • Topic sentence explaining what step 2 will be about.  Then explain the process e.g. research self-publishing compainies online, inquire their fees, inquiare about getting an ISBN.

 

Step #3

  • Topic sentence explaining what step 3 will be about.  Then explain the process e.g. upload your book as a file, design a book cover, submit your book.

 

Conclusion:

  • Topic sentence and details that explains what should take place at the end of the process, or what should be the final result.

 

 

 

The Descriptive Essay
Compare and Contrast
Cause and Effect essay
The Process essay
The Formal letter
The Friendly letter

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Writer's forget-me-nots

WRITER'S  Forget-Me-Nots!

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